如何理解及使用Python闭包

age = 27
def birthday(): 
  age = 28
birthday()
print(age)  # age will still be 27
>>
27

age = 27
name = "Sarah"
def birthday(): 
  global age       # 'age' is in global namespace 
  age = 28
  name = "Roark"
birthday()         # age is now 28. name will still be "Sarah"

def countdown(start):
  # This is the outer enclosing function
  def display():
    # This is the nested function
    n = start
    while n > 0:
      n-=1
      print('T-minus %d' % n)
 
  display()
# We execute the function
countdown(3)
>>>
T-minus 3
T-minus 2
T-minus 1

def countdown(start):
  # This is the outer enclosing function
  def display():
    # This is the nested function
    n = start
    while n > 0:
      n-=1
      print('T-minus %d' % n)
  return display
# Now let's try calling this function.
counter1 = countdown(2)
counter1()
>>>
T-minus 2
T-minus 1

>>> del countdown
>>> counter1()
T-minus 2
T-minus 1
>>> countdown(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NameError: name 'countdown' is not defined

from urllib.request import urlopen
def page(url): 
  def get(): 
    return urlopen(url).read() 
  return get

>>> url1 = page("http://www.google.com") 
>>> url2 = page("http://www.bing.com") 
>>> url1
<function page.<locals>.get at 0x10a6054d0>
>>> url2
<function page.<locals>.get at 0x10a6055f0>
  
>>> gdata = url1()     # Fetches http://www.google.com 
>>> bdata = url2()     # Fetches http://www.bing.com
>>>

>>> page.__closure__       # Returns None since not a closure
>>> url1.__closure__
(<cell at 0x10a5f1250: str object at 0x10a5f3120>,)

>>> url1.__closure__[0].cell_contents
'http://www.google.com'
>>> url2.__closure__[0].cell_contents
'http://www.bing.com'