Python-typing: 类型标注与支持 Any类型详解

from typing import Any
a = None    # type: Any
a = []      # OK
a = 2       # OK
s = ''      # type: str
s = a       # OK
def foo(item: Any) -> int:
    # Typechecks; 'item' could be any type,
    # and that type might have a 'bar' method
    item.bar()
    ...

def legacy_parser(text):
    ...
    return data
# A static type checker will treat the above
# as having the same signature as:
def legacy_parser(text: Any) -> Any:
    ...
    return data

def hash_a(item: object) -> int:
    # Fails; an object does not have a 'magic' method.
    item.magic()
    ...
def hash_b(item: Any) -> int:
    # Typechecks
    item.magic()
    ...
# Typechecks, since ints and strs are subclasses of object
hash_a(42)
hash_a("foo")
# Typechecks, since Any is compatible with all types
hash_b(42)
hash_b("foo")

def greeting(name: str) -> str:
    return 'Hello' + name

from typing import List
Vector = List[float]
def scale(scalar: float, vector: Vector) -> Vector:
    return [scalar * num for num in vector]
# typechecks; a list of floats qualifies as a Vector.
new_vector = scale(2.0, [1.0, -4.2, 5.4])

from typing import Dict, Tuple, List
ConnectionOptions = Dict[str, str]
Address = Tuple[str, int]
Server = Tuple[Address, ConnectionOptions]
def broadcast_message(message: str, servers: List[Server]) -> None:
    ...
# The static type checker will treat the previous type signature as
# being exactly equivalent to this one.
def broadcast_message(
        message: str,
        servers: List[Tuple[Tuple[str, int], Dict[str, str]]]) -> None:
    ...