Python中的collections集合与typing数据类型模块

p = (1,2)

from collections import namedtuple
Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
p = Point(1, 2)
p.x # 1
p.y #2

isinstance(p, Point) #True
isinstance(p, tuple) #True

Circle = namedtuple('Circle', ['x', 'y', 'r'])

from collections import deque
q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
q.append('x')
q.appendleft('y')
q
#deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])

from collections import defaultdict
dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A')
dd['key1'] = 'abc'
dd['key1'] # key1存在
#'abc'
dd['key2'] # key2不存在，返回默认值
#'N/A'

from collections import OrderedDict
d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
d # dict的Key是无序的
#{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
od # OrderedDict的Key是有序的
#OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])

od = OrderedDict()
od['z'] = 1
od['y'] = 2
od['x'] = 3
od.keys() # 按照插入的Key的顺序返回
#odict_keys(['z', 'y', 'x'])

from collections import OrderedDict

class LastUpdatedOrderedDict(OrderedDict):

    def __init__(self, capacity):
        super(LastUpdatedOrderedDict, self).__init__()
        self._capacity = capacity

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        containsKey = 1 if key in self else 0
        if len(self) - containsKey >= self._capacity:
            last = self.popitem(last=False)
            print('remove:', last)
        if containsKey:
            del self[key]
            print('set:', (key, value))
        else:
            print('add:', (key, value))
        OrderedDict.__setitem__(self, key, value)

from collections import Counter
c = Counter()
for ch in 'programming':
    c[ch] = c[ch] + 1
print(c)
#Counter({'p': 1, 'r': 2, 'o': 1, 'g': 2, 'a': 1, 'm': 2, 'i': 1, 'n': 1})

from typing import List, Tuple, Dict


def add(a: int, c: str, d: float,  b: bool) -> Tuple[List, Tuple, Dict, bool]:
    list1 = list(range(a))
    tup = (c, c, c)
    d = {"a": d}
    bl = b
    return list1, tup, d, bl


print(add(5, "hhhh", 2.3, False))
# ([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], ('hhhh', 'hhhh', 'hhhh'), {'a': 2.3}, False)

from typing import List


def func(a: int, b: str)   –>  List[int or str] :  # 使用or关键字表示多种类型
    list1 = []
    list1.append(a)
    list1.append(b)
    return list1