如何在Python中编写并发程序

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

#IO密集型任务
#多个进程同时下载多个网页
#利用Queue+多进程
#由于是IO密集型,所以同样可以利用threading模块

import multiprocessing

def main():
  tasks = multiprocessing.JoinableQueue()
  results = multiprocessing.Queue()
  cpu_count = multiprocessing.cpu_count() #进程数目==CPU核数目

  create_process(tasks, results, cpu_count)  #主进程马上创建一系列进程,但是由于阻塞队列tasks开始为空,副进程全部被阻塞
  add_tasks(tasks) #开始往tasks中添加任务
  parse(tasks, results) #最后主进程等待其他线程处理完成结果


def create_process(tasks, results, cpu_count):
  for _ in range(cpu_count):
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=_worker, args=(tasks, results)) #根据_worker创建对应的进程
    p.daemon = True #让所有进程可以随主进程结束而结束
    p.start() #启动

def _worker(tasks, results):
  while True:  #因为前面所有线程都设置了daemon=True,故不会无限循环
    try:
      task = tasks.get()  #如果tasks中没有任务,则阻塞
      result = _download(task)
      results.put(result)  #some exceptions do not handled
    finally:
      tasks.task_done()

def add_tasks(tasks):
  for url in get_urls(): #get_urls() return a urls_list
    tasks.put(url)

def parse(tasks, results):
  try: 
    tasks.join()
  except KeyboardInterrupt as err:
    print "Tasks has been stopped!"
    print err

  while not results.empty():
    _parse(results)



if __name__ == '__main__':
  main()

def handler():
  futures = set()

  with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=cpu_count) as executor:
    for task in get_task(tasks):
      future = executor.submit(task)
      futures.add(future)

def wait_for(futures):
  try:
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
      err = futures.exception()
      if not err:
        result = future.result()
      else:
        raise err
  except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
    for future in futures:
      future.cancel()
    print "Task has been canceled!"
    print e
  return result