Python 冷门魔术方法小结

class Base:
    def __init_subclass__(cls, /, name, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
        print("Base __init_subclass__ called")
        cls.x = {}
        cls.name = name


class A(Base, name="Jack"):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print("A __init__ called")

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__new__(cls)
        print("A __new__ called")


print(A.x)
print(A.name)
# Base __init_subclass__ called
# {}
# Jack

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print("A __init__ called")

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__new__(cls)
        print("A __new__ called")

    @classmethod
    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__()
        print(kwargs)
        print("A __init_subclass__ called")


class B(A, bbb=12):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print("B __init__ called")

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__new__(cls)
        print("B __new__ called")

    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__()
        print("B __init_subclass__ called")


class C(B, ccc=12):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print("C __init__ called")

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__new__(cls)
        print("C __new__ called")

    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__()
        print("C __init_subclass__ called")

from typing import List


class A:

    def __class_getitem__(cls, item):
        print(item)
        return "abc"


print(A[0])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    int_arr_type = List[int]
    list1: int_arr_type = [1]
    list2: int_arr_type = []
    print(int_arr_type)

from typing import Any

class Meta(type):
    def __instancecheck__(self, instance: Any) -> bool:
        print("Instance Check")
        print(instance)
        return True

    def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass: type) -> bool:
        print("Subclass Check")
        print(subclass)
        if subclass is int:
            return True
        return False


class A(metaclass=Meta):
    pass


o = A()

print(isinstance(123, A))

print()

print(issubclass(int, A))

# Instance Check
# 123
# True
# 
# Subclass Check
# <class 'int'>
# True

import collections
from typing import Any, Mapping

# 创建一个 OrderedDict 对象作为字典
global_dict = collections.OrderedDict()

global_dict["global_dict_name"] = "global_dict"


class MyMeta(type):

    @classmethod
    def __prepare__(metacls, __name: str, __bases: tuple[type, ...], **kwargs: Any) -> Mapping[str, object]:
        print(metacls, __name, __bases, kwargs)
        return global_dict


class MyClass(metaclass=MyMeta):
    a = 1
    b = 2
    c = 3


print(MyClass.__dict__)
print("global_dict_name" in MyClass.__dict__)

# <class '__main__.MyMeta'> MyClass () {}
# {'global_dict_name': 'global_dict', '__module__': '__main__', '__firstlineno__': 18, 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, '__static_attributes__': (), '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'MyClass' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'MyClass' objects>, '__doc__': None}
# True

class A1:
    ...

class A2:
    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
        return (dict,)

class B1(A1):
    print(type(A1), type(A1) is type)
    ...

class B2(A2()):
    print(type(A2()), type(A2()) is not type)
    ...

print(B1.mro())
print(B2.mro())
# <class 'type'> True
# <class '__main__.A2'> True
# [<class '__main__.B1'>, <class '__main__.A1'>, <class 'object'>]
# [<class '__main__.B2'>, <class 'dict'>, <class 'object'>]