Django路由匹配调试与排错指南分享

# 安装调试工具
pip install django-debug-toolbar==4.2.0

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'debug_toolbar',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware',  # 必须放在中间件首行
]

INTERNAL_IPS = ['127.0.0.1']

DEBUG_TOOLBAR_PANELS = [
    'debug_toolbar.panels.request.RequestPanel',  # 必须启用请求面板
]

Resolved URL: /products/<int:product_id>/  # 实际匹配的路由模式
View: products.views.product_detail        # 匹配的视图函数
URL Name: product-detail                   # 路由别名
Parameters: {'product_id': 123}            # 路径参数

pip install django-extensions

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django_extensions',
]

# 生成所有路由列表
python manage.py show_urls --format aligned

# 输出示例：
/admin/     django.contrib.admin.sites.index   admin:index
/products/  products.views.product_list       product-list
/products/<int:id>/ products.views.detail     product-detail

# 按应用过滤路由
python manage.py show_urls --app products

# 按HTTP方法过滤
python manage.py show_urls --method POST

# 启动Django Shell
python manage.py shell

# 测试路由解析
from django.urls import resolve
match = resolve('/products/123/')
print(f"""
视图模块: {match.func.__module__}
视图函数: {match.func.__name__}
路由别名: {match.url_name}
参数: {match.kwargs}
""")

# 在单元测试中验证
from django.urls import reverse
from django.test import TestCase

class RouteTests(TestCase):
    def test_product_detail(self):
        url = reverse('product-detail', kwargs={'product_id': 123})
        self.assertEqual(url, '/products/123/')
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

# ❌ 错误配置（"/products/new" 会匹配到动态路由）
urlpatterns = [
    path('products/<slug:category>/', views.by_category),
    path('products/new/', views.new_product),
]

# ✅ 正确配置（优先具体路由）
urlpatterns = [
    path('products/new/', views.new_product),
    path('products/<slug:category>/', views.by_category),
]

# ❌ 错误用法（视图期望int型参数）
reverse('product-detail', kwargs={'product_id': 'abc'})

# ✅ 正确用法（传递数字参数）
reverse('product-detail', kwargs={'product_id': 123})

# 使用自定义路径转换器
from django.urls import register_converter

class YearConverter:
    regex = r'20\d{2}'

    def to_python(self, value):
        return int(value)

register_converter(YearConverter, 'yyyy')

urlpatterns = [
    path('archive/<yyyy:year>/', views.archive),  # 仅匹配20开头的4位年份
]

# tests/test_routes.py
import itertools
from django.test import TestCase

class RouteCoverageTest(TestCase):
    route_params = {
        'product-detail': [{'product_id': 123}, {'product_id': 'invalid'}],
        'category': [{'slug': 'books'}, {'slug': 'e-books'}]
    }

    def test_all_routes(self):
        for name, params_list in self.route_params.items():
            for params in params_list:
                with self.subTest(route=name, params=params):
                    try:
                        url = reverse(name, kwargs=params)
                        response = self.client.get(url)
                        self.assertIn(response.status_code, [200, 302, 404])
                    except NoReverseMatch:
                        self.fail(f"路由 {name} 参数 {params} 匹配失败")

# 使用pytest插件
pip install pytest-django

# 创建检测脚本 tests/test_urls.py
def test_all_urls_resolve(auto_urlconf):
    """自动检测所有已注册路由是否可解析"""
    for url in auto_urlconf:
        assert resolve(url.path) is not None