使用Python的requests库调用API接口的详细步骤

pip install requests

import requests

# API地址URL
url = "https://api.example.com/products/123"

# 发送GET请求
response = requests.get(url)

# 查看响应状态码（200表示成功）
print("状态码：", response.status_code)

# 查看响应内容（默认是字符串格式）
print("响应内容：", response.text)

# 解析JSON格式的响应（最常用）
if response.status_code == 200:
    data = response.json()  # 自动解析JSON，返回字典/列表
    print("商品名称：", data["name"])
    print("商品价格：", data["price"])

url = "https://api.example.com/products"

# 请求参数（会自动拼接到URL后面：?category=electronics&page=1）
params = {
    "category": "electronics",  # 商品分类
    "page": 1                   # 页码
}

# 发送带参数的GET请求
response = requests.get(url, params=params)

# 查看最终请求的URL
print("请求URL：", response.url)  # 输出：https://api.example.com/products?category=electronics&page=1

# 解析响应
if response.ok:  # response.ok 等价于 status_code == 200
    products = response.json()["data"]
    for product in products:
        print(product["id"], product["name"])

url = "https://api.example.com/orders"

# 请求头（告诉服务器数据格式为JSON）
headers = {
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
    "Authorization": "Bearer your_token_here"  # 认证令牌（如有）
}

# 请求体数据（JSON格式）
payload = {
    "product_id": 123,
    "quantity": 2,
    "address": "北京市朝阳区..."
}

# 发送POST请求（json参数会自动序列化并设置Content-Type为application/json）
response = requests.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers)

# 处理响应
if response.status_code == 201:  # 201表示资源创建成功
    order = response.json()
    print("创建订单成功，订单号：", order["order_id"])
else:
    print("创建失败：", response.text)

# 更新商品价格（PATCH示例）
url = "https://api.example.com/products/123"
headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer your_token_here"}
payload = {"price": 3999}  # 仅更新价格字段

response = requests.patch(url, json=payload, headers=headers)

if response.ok:
    print("更新成功")

url = "https://api.example.com/products/123"
headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer your_token_here"}

response = requests.delete(url, headers=headers)

if response.status_code == 204:  # 204表示删除成功（无返回内容）
    print("删除成功")

url = "https://api.example.com/data"
params = {
    "api_key": "your_api_key_here"  # 在查询参数中携带API Key
}
response = requests.get(url, params=params)

url = "https://api.example.com/data"
headers = {
    "Authorization": "Bearer your_token_here"  # 在请求头中携带Token
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

url = "https://api.example.com/data"
# 传入用户名和密码，requests会自动处理编码
response = requests.get(url, auth=("username", "password"))

url = "https://api.example.com/products"

try:
    # 设置超时时间（防止无限等待）
    response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)  # 10秒超时

    # 主动抛出HTTP错误（如404、500）
    response.raise_for_status()

except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
    print(f"HTTP错误：{e}")  # 如401权限不足、404未找到
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
    print("连接错误（可能是URL错误或网络问题）")
except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
    print("请求超时")
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
    print(f"其他错误：{e}")
else:
    # 无异常时处理响应
    print("请求成功，数据：", response.json())

# 创建会话对象
with requests.Session() as session:
    # 会话中设置全局headers（所有请求都会携带）
    session.headers.update({"Authorization": "Bearer your_token"})
    
    # 第一次请求（建立连接）
    response1 = session.get("https://api.example.com/products/1")
    # 第二次请求（复用连接，速度更快）
    response2 = session.get("https://api.example.com/products/2")

url = "https://api.example.com/upload"
files = {
    "file": open("image.jpg", "rb")  # 打开文件（二进制模式）
}

response = requests.post(url, files=files)
print("上传结果：", response.json())