一文带你梳理Python中七种配置文件的常见用法

import configparser

def handle_ini_file():
    # 写INI文件
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config['DEFAULT'] = {
        'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
        'Compression': 'yes',
        'CompressionLevel': '9'
    }
    config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
    config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
    config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
    topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
    topsecret['Port'] = '50022'
    topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'

    # 写入文件
    with open('myconfig.ini', 'w') as f:
        config.write(f)

    # 读取INI文件
    config_read = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config_read.read('myconfig.ini')

    print("INI文件内容:")
    print(f"ServerAliveInterval: {config_read['DEFAULT']['ServerAliveInterval']}")
    print(f"bitbucket User: {config_read.get('bitbucket.org', 'User')}")
    print(f"Port: {config_read.getint('topsecret.server.com', 'Port')}")
    print(f"ForwardX11: {config_read.getboolean('topsecret.server.com', 'ForwardX11')}")

import json

def handle_json_file():
    data = {
        "name": "John",
        "age": 30,
        "city": "New York",
        "is_student": False,
        "hobbies": ["reading", "gaming", "hiking"],
        "address": {
            "street": "123 Main St",
            "zipcode": "10001"
        }
    }

    # 写JSON
    with open('myconfig.json', 'w') as f:
        json.dump(data, f, indent=4)

    # 读JSON
    with open('myconfig.json', 'r') as f:
        data_read = json.load(f)

    print("JSON文件内容:")
    print(f"Name: {data_read['name']}")
    print(f"Age: {data_read['age']}")
    print(f"Hobbies: {', '.join(data_read['hobbies'])}")
    print(f"Zipcode: {data_read['address']['zipcode']}")

import yaml

def handle_yaml_file():
    data = {
        "name": "Alice",
        "age": 25,
        "city": "London",
        "is_student": True,
        "hobbies": ["painting", "dancing"],
        "address": {
            "street": "456 Oak Ave",
            "zipcode": "SW1A 1AA"
        }
    }

    # 写YAML
    with open('myconfig.yaml', 'w') as f:
        yaml.dump(data, f, sort_keys=False)

    # 读YAML
    with open('myconfig.yaml', 'r') as f:
        data_read = yaml.safe_load(f)

    print("YAML文件内容:")
    print(f"Name: {data_read['name']}")
    print(f"Age: {data_read['age']}")
    print(f"Hobbies: {', '.join(data_read['hobbies'])}")
    print(f"Zipcode: {data_read['address']['zipcode']}")

import toml

# 写入TOML
data = {
    "title": "TOML config",
    "owner": {
        "name": "Tom Preston-Werner",
        "dob": "1979-05-27T07:32:00-08:00"
    },
    "database": {
        "server": "192.168.1.1",
        "ports": [8001, 8001, 8002]
    }
}

with open("config.toml", "w") as f:
    toml.dump(data, f)

# 读取TOML
with open("config.toml", "r") as f:
    config = toml.load(f)

print('toml配置信息：', config["database"]["server"])

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

# 写XML
root = ET.Element("config")
server = ET.SubElement(root, "server")
ET.SubElement(server, "host").text = "localhost"
ET.SubElement(server, "port").text = "8080"

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("config.xml")

# 读XML
tree = ET.parse("config.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
host = root.find("server/host").text
port = root.find("server/port").text
print(host)
print('端口', port)

from dotenv import load_dotenv
import os

# 加载.env
load_dotenv()

# 读取环境变量
api_key = os.getenv("API_KEY")
database_url = os.getenv("DATABASE_URL")

print('apikey:', api_key)
print('Url:', database_url)

# settings.py
DEBUG = True
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': 'mydatabase'
    }
}