Python Playwright 语法知识详解(推荐)

# 安装 Playwright Python 包
pip install playwright
# 安装浏览器二进制文件
playwright install

# 在项目目录中创建 requirements.txt
echo "playwright" > requirements.txt
# 创建基本的测试结构
mkdir tests
touch tests/test_example.py

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
def run_sync():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False)
        page = browser.new_page()
        page.goto('https://example.com')
        browser.close()
run_sync()

import asyncio
from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
async def run_async():
    async with async_playwright() as p:
        browser = await p.chromium.launch(headless=False)
        page = await browser.new_page()
        await page.goto('https://example.com')
        await browser.close()
asyncio.run(run_async())

# 各种浏览器启动选项
browser = p.chromium.launch(
    headless=False,           # 显示浏览器界面
    slow_mo=100,             # 操作间延迟（毫秒）
    args=['--start-maximized'],  # 浏览器参数
    executable_path='/path/to/chrome',  # 指定浏览器路径
    timeout=30000,            # 超时时间
    devtools=True,            # 打开开发者工具
    proxy={
        'server': 'http://proxy.example.com:8080',
        'username': 'user',
        'password': 'pass'
    }
)

# 基本导航
page.goto('https://example.com')
# 带选项的导航
page.goto('https://example.com', 
    timeout=30000,           # 超时时间
    wait_until='networkidle', # 等待条件：'load'|'domcontentloaded'|'networkidle'
    referer='https://google.com' # 设置referer
)
# 导航事件处理
page.on('load', lambda: print('Page loaded!'))
# 前进和后退
page.go_back()
page.go_forward()
# 重新加载
page.reload()

# 等待元素出现
page.wait_for_selector('#element-id', timeout=10000)
# 等待特定条件
page.wait_for_function('document.querySelector(".content").innerText.includes("Hello")')
# 等待超时
page.wait_for_timeout(3000)  # 等待3秒
# 等待导航完成
with page.expect_navigation():
    page.click('a#submit')
# 等待弹出窗口
with page.expect_popup() as popup_info:
    page.click('a[target="_blank"]')
popup = popup_info.value

# CSS选择器
page.click('button.submit')
page.fill('input#username', 'myuser')
# XPath选择器
page.click('//button[text()="Submit"]')
# 文本选择器
page.click('text=Login')
page.click('text="Click here"')  # 精确匹配
# 组合选择器
page.click('div.container >> text=Submit')
# 根据属性选择
page.click('[data-testid="submit-button"]')
# 根据可见性选择
page.click('button:visible')
# 根据状态选择
page.click('button:enabled')
page.click('input:checked')

# 点击操作
page.click('button')
page.dblclick('button')
page.click('button', button='right')  # 右键点击
page.click('button', modifiers=['Shift'])  # 带修饰键点击
# 输入操作
page.fill('input#name', 'John Doe')
page.type('input#name', 'Hello World', delay=100)  # 模拟按键延迟
# 选择操作
page.select_option('select#colors', 'red')
page.select_option('select#colors', index=1)  # 按索引选择
page.select_option('select#colors', value=['red', 'blue'])  # 多选
# 复选框和单选按钮
page.check('input#agree')
page.uncheck('input#subscribe')
# 文件上传
page.set_input_files('input[type=file]', 'path/to/file.txt')
page.set_input_files('input[type=file]', ['file1.txt', 'file2.txt'])  # 多文件
# 聚焦和模糊
page.focus('input#search')
page.blur('input#search')
# 悬停
page.hover('div.menu-item')
# 拖放
page.drag_and_drop('#source', '#target')

# 检查元素存在
if page.query_selector('div.error'):
    print('Error element exists')
# 检查元素可见性
is_visible = page.is_visible('div.popup')
is_hidden = page.is_hidden('div.loading')
# 检查元素状态
is_enabled = page.is_enabled('button.submit')
is_checked = page.is_checked('input#agree')
is_editable = page.is_editable('input#name')
# 获取元素属性
value = page.get_attribute('img#logo', 'src')
class_name = page.get_attribute('div.container', 'class')
# 获取元素文本
text = page.text_content('div.message')
inner_text = page.inner_text('div.message')
# 获取元素HTML
html = page.inner_html('div.container')
# 获取输入值
input_value = page.input_value('input#email')

# 键盘输入
page.keyboard.type('Hello World!')
page.keyboard.press('Enter')
page.keyboard.down('Shift')
page.keyboard.up('Shift')
# 快捷键
page.keyboard.press('Control+A')  # 全选
page.keyboard.press('Control+C')  # 复制
page.keyboard.press('Control+V')  # 粘贴
# 特殊键
page.keyboard.press('ArrowLeft')
page.keyboard.press('Tab')
page.keyboard.press('Escape')

# 获取元素位置
bounding_box = page.query_selector('button').bounding_box()
# 精确鼠标控制
page.mouse.move(bounding_box['x'] + bounding_box['width']/2, 
                bounding_box['y'] + bounding_box['height']/2)
page.mouse.click(bounding_box['x'] + bounding_box['width']/2, 
                 bounding_box['y'] + bounding_box['height']/2)
# 鼠标拖拽
page.mouse.down()
page.mouse.move(100, 100)
page.mouse.up()

# 触摸操作
page.touchscreen.tap(100, 100)
# 多点触控
page.touchscreen.tap_point(100, 100)
page.touchscreen.tap_point(200, 200)

# 获取所有页面
all_pages = context.pages
# 创建新页面
new_page = context.new_page()
# 等待新页面
with context.expect_page() as new_page_info:
    page.click('a[target="_blank"]')
new_page = new_page_info.value
# 切换到特定页面
context.pages[1].bring_to_front()

# 获取框架
frame = page.frame(name='frame-name')
frame = page.frame(url=r'.*login.*')
# 框架内操作
frame.click('button.submit')
frame.fill('input#username', 'user')
# 遍历所有框架
for frame in page.frames:
    print(frame.name)

# 执行JavaScript
page.evaluate('document.title')
result = page.evaluate('([x, y]) => x + y', [1, 2])
# 注入JavaScript
page.add_script_tag(url='https://code.jquery.com/jquery.js')
page.add_script_tag(content='console.log("Hello");')
# 注入样式
page.add_style_tag(url='https://cdn.example.com/style.css')
page.add_style_tag(content='body { background: red; }')
# 设置页面内容
page.set_content('<html><body><h1>Hello</h1></body></html>')

# 路由拦截
def handle_route(route):
    if 'api.example.com' in route.request.url:
        route.fulfill(
            status=200,
            content_type='application/json',
            body='{"success": true}'
        )
    else:
        route.continue_()
page.route('**/*', handle_route)
# 特定模式拦截
page.route('**/*.jpg', lambda route: route.abort())
page.route('**/api/*', handle_route)
# 修改请求头
page.route('**/*', lambda route: route.continue_(headers={**route.request.headers, 'x-custom': 'value'}))

# 请求事件处理
def log_request(request):
    print(f"Request: {request.method} {request.url}")
def log_response(response):
    print(f"Response: {response.status} {response.url}")
page.on('request', log_request)
page.on('response', log_response)
# 等待请求完成
with page.expect_response('https://example.com/api/data') as response_info:
    page.click('button#load-data')
response = response_info.value
# 等待多个请求
with page.expect_response(lambda response: response.url.startswith('https://api')) as response_info:
    page.click('button#fetch')

# 使用Playwright发起API请求
response = page.request.get('https://api.example.com/data')
print(response.json())
# 带参数的请求
response = page.request.post(
    'https://api.example.com/login',
    data={'username': 'user', 'password': 'pass'},
    headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
)

# 页面标题断言
assert page.title() == 'Expected Title'
# URL断言
assert page.url == 'https://example.com'
# 元素可见性断言
assert page.is_visible('div.success')
# 文本内容断言
assert 'Welcome' in page.text_content('body')

# 等待元素出现并断言
page.wait_for_selector('div.success', state='visible')
assert page.text_content('div.success') == 'Operation successful'
# 等待文本出现
page.wait_for_selector('text=Welcome back')
# 等待函数条件
page.wait_for_function('() => document.querySelectorAll(".item").length > 5')

# 页面截图
page.screenshot(path='screenshot.png')
# 元素截图
page.locator('div.chart').screenshot(path='chart.png')
# 截图选项
page.screenshot(
    path='fullpage.png',
    full_page=True,           # 截取完整页面
    type='jpeg',              # 图片类型：'png'|'jpeg'
    quality=80,               # JPEG质量（0-100）
    omit_background=True,     # 隐藏默认背景
    timeout=10000             # 超时时间
)

# 生成PDF
page.pdf(
    path='page.pdf',
    scale=0.8,                # 缩放比例
    format='A4',              # 纸张格式
    margin={'top': '1cm', 'bottom': '1cm'},  # 边距
    print_background=True,    # 打印背景
    landscape=False           # 横向/纵向
)

# 模拟移动设备
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
def test_mobile():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        # 获取设备描述符
        iPhone = p.devices['iPhone 12 Pro']
        # 使用设备模拟创建上下文
        browser = p.chromium.launch()
        context = browser.new_context(**iPhone)
        page = context.new_page()
        page.goto('https://example.com')
        # 移动端测试代码...
        browser.close()

# 模拟地理位置
context = browser.new_context(
    geolocation={'longitude': 116.397128, 'latitude': 39.916697},
    permissions=['geolocation']
)
# 模拟权限
context = browser.new_context(
    permissions=['notifications', 'microphone']
)

# 设置Cookie
context.add_cookies([{
    'name': 'session',
    'value': 'abc123',
    'url': 'https://example.com',
    'domain': 'example.com',
    'path': '/',
    'httpOnly': True,
    'secure': True,
    'expires': int(time.time()) + 3600  # 1小时后过期
}])
# 获取Cookie
cookies = context.cookies()

# conftest.py
import pytest
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def browser():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False)
        yield browser
        browser.close()
@pytest.fixture
def page(browser):
    context = browser.new_context()
    page = context.new_page()
    yield page
    context.close()
# test_example.py
def test_login(page):
    page.goto('https://example.com/login')
    page.fill('input#username', 'testuser')
    page.fill('input#password', 'password')
    page.click('button#submit')
    assert page.url == 'https://example.com/dashboard'

# 页面对象模型
class LoginPage:
    def __init__(self, page):
        self.page = page
        self.username_input = page.locator('input#username')
        self.password_input = page.locator('input#password')
        self.submit_button = page.locator('button#submit')
    def navigate(self):
        self.page.goto('https://example.com/login')
    def login(self, username, password):
        self.username_input.fill(username)
        self.password_input.fill(password)
        self.submit_button.click()
# 使用页面对象
def test_login(page):
    login_page = LoginPage(page)
    login_page.navigate()
    login_page.login('testuser', 'password')
    assert page.url == 'https://example.com/dashboard'

# 启用调试模式
browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False, devtools=True)
# 暂停执行
page.pause()
# 慢速模式
browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False, slow_mo=1000)
# 记录控制台输出
page.on('console', lambda msg: print(f'CONSOLE: {msg.text}'))
# 记录页面错误
page.on('pageerror', lambda err: print(f'PAGE ERROR: {err}'))
# 记录请求失败
page.on('requestfailed', lambda req: print(f'REQUEST FAILED: {req.url} {req.failure}'))

# 高亮匹配元素
page.locator('button').highlight()
# 评估选择器
count = page.locator('button').count()
print(f'Found {count} buttons')
# 调试选择器
try:
    page.wait_for_selector('button:visible', timeout=5000)
except:
    print('Button not found within 5 seconds')

# 复用浏览器上下文
context = browser.new_context()
# 在不同测试中复用
def test_1(context):
    page = context.new_page()
    # 测试代码...
def test_2(context):
    page = context.new_page()
    # 测试代码...
# 清理上下文
context.clear_cookies()
context.clear_permissions()

# 使用多线程并行测试
import concurrent.futures
def run_test(test_func, browser_type):
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        browser = getattr(p, browser_type).launch()
        context = browser.new_context()
        page = context.new_page()
        test_func(page)
        browser.close()
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
    futures = []
    for _ in range(3):
        futures.append(executor.submit(run_test, test_function, 'chromium'))
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
        future.result()