从安装到到高级排错详解Mac上优雅管理Python多版本的全攻略

# 通过Homebrew安装
brew update
brew install pyenv

# 配置Shell环境（添加到~/.zshrc或~/.bash_profile）
export PATH="$HOME/.pyenv/bin:$PATH"
eval "$(pyenv init --path)"
eval "$(pyenv init -)"

# 查看可安装版本
pyenv install --list

# 安装指定版本
pyenv install 3.9.7
pyenv install 3.11.4

# 查看已安装版本
pyenv versions

# 设置全局版本
pyenv global 3.11.4

# 设置局部版本（当前目录）
pyenv local 3.9.7

# 设置临时版本（当前会话）
pyenv shell 3.10.0

# 安装虚拟环境插件
brew install pyenv-virtualenv

# 创建虚拟环境
pyenv virtualenv 3.11.4 myproject-env

# 激活虚拟环境
pyenv activate myproject-env

# 退出虚拟环境
pyenv deactivate

# 安装Python
brew install python
brew install python@3.8
brew install python@3.9

# 切换版本
brew link --overwrite python@3.9

# 创建虚拟环境
python3.9 -m venv myenv
source myenv/bin/activate

# 安装依赖
pip install -r requirements.txt

# 查看默认Python版本
python --version

# 查看Python3版本
python3 --version

# 查看所有已安装版本（pyenv）
pyenv versions

# 查看Python路径
which python
which python3

# 基础版本（最常用）
pip install opencv-python

# 包含额外模块的完整版
pip install opencv-contrib-python

# 无GUI版本（服务器使用）
pip install opencv-python-headless

# 卸载所有相关包
pip uninstall -y opencv-python opencv-contrib-python opencv-python-headless
pip uninstall -y numpy

# 清理缓存
pip cache purge

# 重新安装稳定版本组合
pip install numpy==1.24.0
pip install opencv-python==4.8.1.78

# 使用Miniforge
conda create -n cv_env python=3.9
conda activate cv_env
conda install -c conda-forge opencv numpy

# 创建全新虚拟环境
python -m venv opencv_env
source opencv_env/bin/activate

# 安装指定版本
pip install numpy==1.24.0
pip install opencv-python==4.8.1.78

# 错误发生在解码图片时
img = cv2.imdecode(image_array, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)

def safe_imdecode(image_array, flags=cv2.IMREAD_COLOR, retries=3):
    """安全地解码图片，防止段错误"""
    if image_array is None or not isinstance(image_array, np.ndarray):
        return None
        
    if image_array.size == 0:
        return None
    
    # 确保是uint8类型
    if image_array.dtype != np.uint8:
        try:
            image_array = image_array.astype(np.uint8)
        except:
            return None
    
    # 尝试解码
    for attempt in range(retries):
        try:
            # 确保数组连续
            if not image_array.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']:
                image_array = np.ascontiguousarray(image_array)
                
            img = cv2.imdecode(image_array, flags)
            if img is not None:
                return img
                
        except Exception:
            continue
    
    return None

# 查看当前生效版本
pyenv version

# 查看版本优先级
pyenv versions

# 设置全局版本
pyenv global 3.11.4

# 重新初始化
pyenv rehash

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
import platform
import subprocess

print("=" * 60)
print("Python环境诊断报告")
print("=" * 60)

print(f"Python版本: {sys.version}")
print(f"平台信息: {platform.platform()}")
print(f"处理器: {platform.processor()}")
print(f"可执行文件: {sys.executable}")

# 检查关键包
packages = ['numpy', 'opencv-python', 'pandas', 'matplotlib']
for pkg in packages:
    try:
        import importlib
        version = importlib.metadata.version(pkg)
        print(f"{pkg}: {version}")
    except:
        print(f"{pkg}: 未安装")

print("=" * 60)

#!/bin/bash
# fix_opencv.sh

echo "开始修复OpenCV环境..."

# 备份当前环境
pip freeze > requirements_backup.txt

# 清理问题包
pip uninstall -y opencv-python opencv-contrib-python
pip uninstall -y numpy
pip cache purge

# 创建新环境
python -m venv opencv_fixed
source opencv_fixed/bin/activate

# 安装稳定版本
pip install --upgrade pip
pip install numpy==1.24.0
pip install opencv-python==4.8.1.78

# 验证安装
python -c "
import cv2
import numpy as np
print(f'✅ OpenCV {cv2.__version__}')
print(f'✅ NumPy {np.__version__}')
"

echo "修复完成！激活环境: source opencv_fixed/bin/activate"

#!/usr/bin/env python
# test_multiple_versions.py

test_code = """
import sys
print(f'Python {sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}')
import numpy as np
print(f'NumPy {np.__version__}')
try:
    import cv2
    print(f'OpenCV {cv2.__version__}')
except:
    print('OpenCV导入失败')
"""

# 在多个Python版本中运行测试
versions = ['python3.8', 'python3.9', 'python3.10', 'python3.11']

for version in versions:
    print(f"\n{'='*40}")
    print(f"测试 {version}")
    print('='*40)
    
    try:
        import subprocess
        result = subprocess.run([version, '-c', test_code], 
                              capture_output=True, text=True)
        print(result.stdout)
        if result.stderr:
            print(f"错误: {result.stderr}")
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"{version} 未安装")

# requirements.txt
numpy==1.24.0
opencv-python==4.8.1.78
pandas==2.0.3
scikit-learn==1.3.0

# requirements-dev.txt
-r requirements.txt
pytest==7.4.0
black==23.7.0
flake8==6.0.0

# Makefile
.PHONY: install test lint clean

install:
	pip install -r requirements.txt
	pip install -r requirements-dev.txt

test:
	pytest tests/ -v

lint:
	black src/
	flake8 src/

clean:
	find . -type d -name "__pycache__" -exec rm -rf {} +
	find . -type f -name "*.pyc" -delete