Python使用os.path和pathlib模块进行文件路径操作的详细教程

import os

# 获取当前工作目录
current_dir = os.getcwd()
print(f"当前工作目录: {current_dir}")

# 构造文件路径
file_path = os.path.join(current_dir, "example.txt")
print(f"构造的文件路径: {file_path}")

# 分割路径
dirname, filename = os.path.split(file_path)
print(f"目录部分: {dirname}")
print(f"文件名部分: {filename}")

# 获取文件扩展名
basename, extension = os.path.splitext(filename)
print(f"文件名(无扩展名): {basename}")
print(f"文件扩展名: {extension}")

# 获取绝对路径
relative_path = "../example.txt"
abs_path = os.path.abspath(relative_path)
print(f"'{relative_path}' 的绝对路径: {abs_path}")

from pathlib import Path

# 创建Path对象
current_path = Path.cwd()
print(f"当前工作目录: {current_path}")

# 构造路径
file_path_obj = current_path / "example.txt"
print(f"构造的文件路径: {file_path_obj}")

# 路径属性
print(f"父目录: {file_path_obj.parent}")
print(f"文件名: {file_path_obj.name}")
print(f"文件 stem: {file_path_obj.stem}")
print(f"文件后缀: {file_path_obj.suffix}")

# 路径组成部分
print(f"路径各部分: {file_path_obj.parts}")

# 使用pathlib进行检查
test_path = Path("path_operations.py")
print(f"'{test_path}' 是否存在: {test_path.exists()}")
print(f"'{test_path}' 是否为文件: {test_path.is_file()}")
print(f"'{current_path}' 是否为目录: {current_path.is_dir()}")

# 使用os.path进行检查
print(f"'path_operations.py' 是否存在: {os.path.exists('path_operations.py')}")
print(f"'path_operations.py' 是否为文件: {os.path.isfile('path_operations.py')}")

# 创建目录
test_dir = Path("test_directory")
if not test_dir.exists():
    test_dir.mkdir()
    print(f"创建目录: {test_dir}")

# 列出目录内容
print(f"当前目录下的内容:")
for item in Path(".").iterdir():
    if item.is_file():
        print(f"  文件: {item.name}")
    else:
        print(f"  目录: {item.name}")

# 递归遍历目录
print(f"\n递归遍历上级目录:")
try:
    for py_file in Path("..").rglob("*.py"):
        print(f"  Python文件: {py_file}")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"  遍历过程中出现错误: {e}")

# 删除目录
if test_dir.exists():
    test_dir.rmdir()
    print(f"\n清理完成：删除了测试目录 {test_dir}")

# 解析相对路径
relative = Path(".././test/../path_operations.py")
resolved = relative.resolve()
print(f"相对路径 '{relative}' 解析后: {resolved}")

# 获取相对于某目录的路径
try:
    relative_to_cwd = resolved.relative_to(Path.cwd())
    print(f"相对于当前目录的路径: {relative_to_cwd}")
except ValueError as e:
    print(f"无法获取相对路径: {e}")

# 用户主目录
home_dir = Path.home()
print(f"用户主目录: {home_dir}")

# 临时目录
temp_dir = Path(os.environ.get('TEMP', '/tmp'))
print(f"临时目录: {temp_dir}")

from pathlib import Path
import os

class PathUtils:
    """路径操作工具类"""
    
    @staticmethod
    def get_absolute_path(relative_path):
        """获取绝对路径"""
        return str(Path(relative_path).resolve())
    
    @staticmethod
    def ensure_directory(directory_path):
        """确保目录存在，不存在则创建"""
        directory = Path(directory_path)
        if not directory.exists():
            directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            print(f"创建目录: {directory}")
        return directory
    
    @staticmethod
    def find_files(directory, pattern="*.*"):
        """查找目录中的文件"""
        directory = Path(directory)
        if not directory.exists() or not directory.is_dir():
            print(f"目录不存在或不是目录: {directory}")
            return []
        
        return list(directory.glob(pattern))
    
    @staticmethod
    def get_file_info(file_path):
        """获取文件信息"""
        file = Path(file_path)
        if not file.exists() or not file.is_file():
            print(f"文件不存在或不是文件: {file_path}")
            return None
        
        return {
            "name": file.name,
            "path": str(file.resolve()),
            "size": file.stat().st_size,
            "suffix": file.suffix
        }

# 示例使用
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 测试获取绝对路径
    print("绝对路径:", PathUtils.get_absolute_path("../example.txt"))
    
    # 测试创建目录
    PathUtils.ensure_directory("test/subdir")
    
    # 测试查找文件
    py_files = PathUtils.find_files(".", "*.py")
    print("Python文件:", [f.name for f in py_files])
    
    # 测试获取文件信息
    if py_files:
        info = PathUtils.get_file_info(py_files[0])
        print("文件信息:", info)

from pathlib import Path

def batch_rename_files(directory, old_pattern, new_pattern):
    """批量重命名文件"""
    directory = Path(directory)
    if not directory.exists() or not directory.is_dir():
        print(f"目录不存在或不是目录: {directory}")
        return
    
    count = 0
    for file in directory.iterdir():
        if file.is_file() and old_pattern in file.name:
            new_name = file.name.replace(old_pattern, new_pattern)
            new_path = file.parent / new_name
            file.rename(new_path)
            print(f"重命名: {file.name} -> {new_name}")
            count += 1
    
    print(f"完成重命名，共处理 {count} 个文件")

# 示例使用
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 重命名所有包含"old"的文件，将"old"替换为"new"
    batch_rename_files(".", "old", "new")

from pathlib import Path
import os

def analyze_directory(directory):
    """分析目录结构"""
    directory = Path(directory)
    if not directory.exists() or not directory.is_dir():
        print(f"目录不存在或不是目录: {directory}")
        return
    
    report = {
        "directory": str(directory.resolve()),
        "total_files": 0,
        "total_dirs": 0,
        "file_types": {},
        "total_size": 0
    }
    
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
        report["total_dirs"] += len(dirs)
        report["total_files"] += len(files)
        
        for file in files:
            file_path = Path(root) / file
            suffix = file_path.suffix.lower()
            report["file_types"][suffix] = report["file_types"].get(suffix, 0) + 1
            report["total_size"] += file_path.stat().st_size
    
    return report

# 示例使用
if __name__ == "__main__":
    report = analyze_directory(".")
    print("目录分析报告:")
    print(f"目录: {report['directory']}")
    print(f"总文件数: {report['total_files']}")
    print(f"总目录数: {report['total_dirs']}")
    print(f"总大小: {report['total_size'] / 1024:.2f} KB")
    print("文件类型分布:")
    for ext, count in report['file_types'].items():
        print(f"  {ext}: {count} 个")