Python中浏览器有头和无头操作的实战指南

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time
​
# 创建有头浏览器实例
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
​
try:
    # 打开网页
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    
    # 查找元素并点击
    search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
    search_box.send_keys("有头浏览器")
    search_box.submit()
    
    # 暂停观察效果
    time.sleep(3)
    
finally:
    # 关闭浏览器
    driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time
​
# 配置无头模式
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")  # 启用无头模式
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
​
# 创建无头浏览器实例
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
​
try:
    # 打开网页（你看不见浏览器窗口）
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    
    # 截图验证（这是你能看到结果的唯一方式）
    driver.save_screenshot("screenshot.png")
    
    # 查找元素并操作
    page_title = driver.title
    print(f"页面标题: {page_title}")
    
finally:
    # 关闭浏览器
    driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import os
​
def get_driver(headless=False):
    """根据需求创建有头或无头浏览器"""
    chrome_options = Options()
    
    if headless:
        chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
        chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
        chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
    
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
    return driver
​
# 开发时用有头模式
driver = get_driver(headless=False)
​
# 生产环境用无头模式
# driver = get_driver(headless=True)
​
try:
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    print("页面加载成功！")
    
finally:
    driver.quit()

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
​
def test_performance(mode, url, iterations=10):
    chrome_options = Options()
    if mode == "headless":
        chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
        chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
    
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
    
    start_time = time.time()
    
    for i in range(iterations):
        driver.get(url)
        title = driver.title
    
    end_time = time.time()
    driver.quit()
    
    return end_time - start_time
​
# 测试有头模式
headful_time = test_performance("headful", "https://www.example.com", 10)
​
# 测试无头模式
headless_time = test_performance("headless", "https://www.example.com", 10)
​
print(f"有头模式耗时: {headful_time:.2f}秒")
print(f"无头模式耗时: {headless_time:.2f}秒")
print(f"无头模式快了: {(headful_time - headless_time) / headful_time * 100:.1f}%")

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
​
def setup_driver():
    chrome_options = Options()
    chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
    chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
    return webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
​
driver = setup_driver()
​
try:
    driver.get("https://www.example.com")
    
    # 关键步骤截图
    driver.save_screenshot("step1_landing.png")
    
    # 执行操作
    search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
    search_box.send_keys("调试截图")
    search_box.submit()
    
    # 操作后截图
    driver.save_screenshot("step2_search_result.png")
    
finally:
    driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
​
def setup_stealth_driver():
    chrome_options = Options()
    chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
    
    # 添加伪装参数
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
    chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
    chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
    
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
    
    # 修改navigator.webdriver属性
    driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", {
        "source": """
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'webdriver', {
                get: () => undefined
            })
        """
    })
    
    return driver

chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")  # 统一窗口尺寸

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
​
# 等待元素出现
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
element = wait.until(
    EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "dynamic-content"))
)

# 始终使用try-finally确保浏览器被关闭
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
    # 你的代码
    pass
finally:
    driver.quit()  # 确保一定会关闭