Python利用urllib3库发送请求的完全指南

pip install urllib3

import urllib3

http = urllib3.PoolManager()  # 创建连接池（推荐）

resp = http.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
print(resp.status)        # 200
print(resp.data)          # b'{"args":{}, ...}'
print(resp.headers)       # 响应头

resp = http.request(
    'GET',
    'https://httpbin.org/get',
    fields={'key': 'value', 'page': 1}  # 自动拼接 ?key=value&page=1
)
print(resp.data.decode('utf-8'))

from urllib.parse import urlencode
url = 'https://httpbin.org/get?' + urlencode({'key': 'value'})

resp = http.request(
    'POST',
    'https://httpbin.org/post',
    fields={'username': 'admin', 'password': '123456'}
)

import json

resp = http.request(
    'POST',
    'https://httpbin.org/post',
    body=json.dumps({'username': 'admin'}),
    headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
)

with open('photo.jpg', 'rb') as f:
    resp = http.request(
        'POST',
        'https://httpbin.org/post',
        fields={'file': ('photo.jpg', f, 'image/jpeg')}
    )

resp = http.request(
    'GET',
    'https://api.example.com/data',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'my-app/1.0',
        'Authorization': 'Bearer xxxxxxx'
    }
)

resp = http.request(
    'GET',
    'https://httpbin.org/delay/5',
    timeout=3.0  # 3秒超时，超时抛出 urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutError
)

resp = http.request(
    'GET',
    'https://example.com',
    timeout=(3.0, 10.0)  # (连接超时, 读取超时)
)

import urllib3
from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError, TimeoutError, MaxRetryError

http = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=3)  # 自动重试3次

try:
    resp = http.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/status/500')
    resp.raise_for_status()  # 非200状态码抛出 HTTPError
except TimeoutError:
    print('请求超时')
except HTTPError as e:
    print(f'HTTP错误: {e.response.status}')
except MaxRetryError:
    print('重试次数耗尽')

http = urllib3.PoolManager(
    num_pools=10,          # 最大连接池数量
    maxsize=10,            # 每个池最大连接数
    retries=3,             # 自动重试次数
    timeout=5.0
)

# 复用同一个 http 对象发送多个请求
r1 = http.request('GET', 'https://api.example.com/users')
r2 = http.request('GET', 'https://api.example.com/orders')

import urllib3
import json

http = urllib3.PoolManager(timeout=10.0, retries=3)

def call_api(endpoint, data=None, method='GET'):
    url = f'https://api.example.com{endpoint}'
    
    kwargs = {
        'method': method,
        'headers': {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            'Authorization': 'Bearer your_token_here'
        }
    }
    
    if data:
        kwargs['body'] = json.dumps(data)
    
    try:
        resp = http.request(url, **kwargs)
        resp.raise_for_status()
        return resp.data.decode('utf-8')
    except urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
        print(f'API返回错误: {e.response.status} - {e.response.data}')
        return None
    except urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutError:
        print('请求超时')
        return None

# 调用
result = call_api('/users', data={'name': 'zhangsan'}, method='POST')
print(result)