使用Python批量整理文件的三种常见场景与处理方法

import os
import shutil

def sort_by_extension(target_dir):
    # 文件类型与文件夹的映射
    type_map = {
        '图片': ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.gif', '.bmp', '.svg'],
        '文档': ['.pdf', '.doc', '.docx', '.xls', '.xlsx', '.ppt', '.pptx', '.txt'],
        '视频': ['.mp4', '.avi', '.mkv', '.mov', '.wmv'],
        '音频': ['.mp3', '.wav', '.flac', '.aac'],
        '压缩包': ['.zip', '.rar', '.7z', '.tar', '.gz'],
        '代码': ['.py', '.js', '.html', '.css', '.java', '.c']
    }

    for filename in os.listdir(target_dir):
        file_path = os.path.join(target_dir, filename)
        
        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
            continue
        
        ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
        moved = False
        
        for folder, extensions in type_map.items():
            if ext in extensions:
                folder_path = os.path.join(target_dir, folder)
                os.makedirs(folder_path, exist_ok=True)
                shutil.move(file_path, os.path.join(folder_path, filename))
                moved = True
                break
        
        if not moved:
            other_path = os.path.join(target_dir, '其他')
            os.makedirs(other_path, exist_ok=True)
            shutil.move(file_path, os.path.join(other_path, filename))

# 使用
sort_by_extension(r'C:\Users\你的用户名\Downloads')

import os
import shutil
from datetime import datetime

def sort_by_date(target_dir, date_from='exif'):
    for filename in os.listdir(target_dir):
        file_path = os.path.join(target_dir, filename)
        
        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
            continue
        
        # 方式1：从文件名提取日期（如 2026-06-20_photo.jpg）
        try:
            date_str = filename.split('_')[0]  # 2026-06-20
            date_obj = datetime.strptime(date_str, '%Y-%m-%d')
        except:
            # 方式2：从文件修改时间获取
            date_obj = datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getmtime(file_path))
        
        folder_name = date_obj.strftime('%Y-%m')  # 2026-06
        folder_path = os.path.join(target_dir, folder_name)
        os.makedirs(folder_path, exist_ok=True)
        
        shutil.move(file_path, os.path.join(folder_path, filename))

# 使用
sort_by_date(r'D:\照片')

import os

def batch_rename(target_dir, prefix='文件', start=1):
    files = [f for f in os.listdir(target_dir) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(target_dir, f))]
    
    for i, filename in enumerate(files, start=start):
        ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
        new_name = f"{prefix}_{i:03d}{ext}"  # 文件_001.jpg
        old_path = os.path.join(target_dir, filename)
        new_path = os.path.join(target_dir, new_name)
        os.rename(old_path, new_path)
        print(f"{filename} → {new_name}")

# 使用
batch_rename(r'C:\Users\你的用户名\Desktop\截图', prefix='截图', start=1)

screenshot_abc.png → 截图_001.png
屏幕快照 2026-06-20.png → 截图_002.png