Python项目中六大常见的配置文件管理方式详解

# config.py
DB_HOST = "localhost"
DB_PORT = 5432
API_KEY = "sk-123456"  # 敏感信息暴露在代码里

# .env 文件
DB_HOST=localhost
DB_PORT=5432
API_KEY=sk-123456
DEBUG=true

# 加载配置
from dotenv import load_dotenv
import os

load_dotenv()
db_host = os.getenv("DB_HOST", "localhost")
api_key = os.getenv("API_KEY")

# config.py
import os

class Config:
    SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') or 'dev-secret'
    DEBUG = False
    TESTING = False

class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
    DEBUG = True
    DB_URL = 'sqlite:///dev.db'

class ProductionConfig(Config):
    DB_URL = os.environ.get('DATABASE_URL')

# 根据环境选择配置
config = {
    'development': DevelopmentConfig,
    'production': ProductionConfig,
    'default': DevelopmentConfig
}

# 使用
from config import config
cfg = config[os.getenv('ENV', 'default')]()
print(cfg.DB_URL)

# config.yaml
database:
  host: localhost
  port: 5432
  name: mydb
api:
  key: sk-123456
  timeout: 30
logging:
  level: INFO
  format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"

import yaml
import json

# 读取 YAML
with open('config.yaml', 'r') as f:
    config = yaml.safe_load(f)

print(config['database']['host'])  # localhost

# pyproject.toml
[project]
name = "myapp"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "My Python application"
[tool.myaapp.database]
host = "localhost"
port = 5432
[tool.myaapp.api]
key = "sk-123456"
timeout = 30

import tomllib  # Python 3.11+ 内置

with open('pyproject.toml', 'rb') as f:
    config = tomllib.load(f)

db_host = config['tool']['myapp']['database']['host']

# 在 shell 中设置
export DB_HOST=localhost
export DB_PORT=5432
export API_KEY=sk-123456

# Docker 中设置
docker run -e DB_HOST=localhost -e API_KEY=sk-123456 myapp

import os

db_host = os.environ.get('DB_HOST')