Linux SSD磁盘的优化配置指南

# 查看块设备信息
lsblk -d -o name,rota

# rota=0 表示是 SSD，rota=1 是 HDD

# 使用 smartctl 检查 SSD 健康（需安装 smartmontools）
sudo smartctl -a /dev/nvme0n1
# 或 SATA SSD：
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda

UUID=xxxx-xxxx / ext4 defaults,noatime,nodiratime,discard,errors=remount-ro 0 1

# 启用每周自动 TRIM
sudo systemctl enable fstrim.timer
sudo systemctl start fstrim.timer

# 手动执行一次
sudo fstrim -av

/：8.2 GiB (8796093030 bytes) 已修剪
/boot：120 MiB (125829120 bytes) 已修剪

cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
# 输出示例：[mq-deadline] kyber bfq none

echo 'none' | sudo tee /sys/block/nvme0n1/queue/scheduler

echo 'mq-deadline' | sudo tee /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler

sudo nano /etc/udev/rules.d/60-ssd-scheduler.rules

# NVMe SSD
ACTION=="add|change", KERNEL=="nvme[0-9]*", ATTR{queue/scheduler}="none"
# SATA SSD
ACTION=="add|change", KERNEL=="sd[a-z]", ATTR{queue/rotational}=="0", ATTR{queue/scheduler}="mq-deadline"

sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
sudo udevadm trigger

tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,mode=1777 0 0
tmpfs /var/log tmpfs defaults,noatime,mode=0755,size=1G 0 0
tmpfs /var/tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,mode=1777 0 0

[Journal]
Storage=volatile        # 仅内存存储，重启清空
Compress=yes            # 启用压缩
MaxRetentionSec=1day    # 最多保留1天
RateLimitIntervalSec=30s
RateLimitBurst=1000     # 限流防刷爆
ForwardToSyslog=no      # 不转发给 syslog

sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald

sudo nano /etc/rsyslog.conf

*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none   /var/log/messages
& stop

sudo nano /etc/logrotate.d/custom

/var/log/*.log {
    daily
    missingok
    rotate 7
    compress
    delaycompress
    notifempty
    create 0640 root adm
}

# 临时设置
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10

# 永久设置
echo 'vm.swappiness=10' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

sudo apt install zram-tools  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo systemctl enable zramswap
sudo systemctl start zramswap

zramctl
free -h

// 启动参数示例
java \
  -XX:+UseG1GC \
  -Xloggc:/tmp/gc.log \
  -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation \
  -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=5 \
  -XX:GCLogFileSize=10M \
  -XX:+PrintGCDetails \
  -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps \
  -jar MyApp.jar

mkdir -p /tmp/applogs
java -Xloggc:/tmp/applogs/gc.log ...

export TMPDIR=/dev/shm/myapp
mkdir -p $TMPDIR
java -Djava.io.tmpdir=$TMPDIR -jar MyApp.jar

public class TempDirConfig {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 设置临时目录为内存盘
        System.setProperty("java.io.tmpdir", "/dev/shm/myapp");
        File tempDir = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
        if (!tempDir.exists()) {
            tempDir.mkdirs();
        }
        try {
            File tempFile = File.createTempFile("data-", ".tmp", tempDir);
            System.out.println("临时文件创建于: " + tempFile.getAbsolutePath());
            // ... 业务逻辑
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

<configuration>
    <appender name="ASYNC" class="ch.qos.logback.classic.AsyncAppender">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE"/>
        <queueSize>512</queueSize>
        <discardingThreshold>0</discardingThreshold>
        <includeCallerData>false</includeCallerData>
    </appender>
    <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
        <file>/tmp/app.log</file>
        <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedRollingPolicy">
            <fileNamePattern>/tmp/app.%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.%i.log.gz</fileNamePattern>
            <maxFileSize>10MB</maxFileSize>
            <maxHistory>7</maxHistory>
            <totalSizeCap>100MB</totalSizeCap>
        </rollingPolicy>
        <encoder>
            <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
    </appender>
    <root level="INFO">
        <appender-ref ref="ASYNC"/>
    </root>
</configuration>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Configuration status="WARN">
    <Appenders>
        <Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT">
            <PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/>
        </Console>
        <RandomAccessFile name="File" fileName="/tmp/app.log" 
                          filePattern="/tmp/app-%d{yyyy-MM-dd}-%i.log.gz">
            <PatternLayout>
                <Pattern>%d %p %c{1.} [%t] %m%n</Pattern>
            </PatternLayout>
            <Policies>
                <SizeBasedTriggeringPolicy size="10 MB"/>
                <TimeBasedTriggeringPolicy/>
            </Policies>
            <DefaultRolloverStrategy max="7"/>
        </RandomAccessFile>
        <Async name="AsyncFile">
            <AppenderRef ref="File"/>
        </Async>
    </Appenders>
    <Loggers>
        <Root level="info">
            <AppenderRef ref="AsyncFile"/>
        </Root>
    </Loggers>
</Configuration>

sudo apt install iotop
sudo iotop -aoP  # 显示累计写入最多的进程

iostat -x 1 /dev/nvme0n1

sudo nvme smart-log /dev/nvme0n1
sudo nvme list

import java.io.*;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class SSDWriteMonitor {
    private static final String PROC_DISKSTATS = "/proc/diskstats";
    private static final String TARGET_DEVICE = "nvme0n1"; // 修改为你的设备名
    private static final String LOG_FILE = "/tmp/ssd_monitor.log";
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("SSD 写入监控启动...");
        long lastWriteSectors = readWriteSectors();
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        while (true) {
            Thread.sleep(60000); // 每分钟采样一次
            long currentWriteSectors = readWriteSectors();
            long deltaSectors = currentWriteSectors - lastWriteSectors;
            double mbWritten = deltaSectors * 512.0 / (1024 * 1024); // 转换为 MB
            String timestamp = LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"));
            String logEntry = String.format("[%s] 写入: %.2f MB", timestamp, mbWritten);
            System.out.println(logEntry);
            appendToFile(logEntry);
            lastWriteSectors = currentWriteSectors;
        }
    }
    private static long readWriteSectors() throws IOException {
        try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(PROC_DISKSTATS))) {
            String line;
            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
                if (line.contains(TARGET_DEVICE)) {
                    String[] parts = line.trim().split("\\s+");
                    // 第7列为已写扇区数（每个扇区512字节）
                    return Long.parseLong(parts[6]);
                }
            }
        }
        throw new RuntimeException("未找到设备: " + TARGET_DEVICE);
    }
    private static void appendToFile(String content) {
        try (FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(LOG_FILE, true);
             BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw)) {
            bw.write(content);
            bw.newLine();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

javac SSDWriteMonitor.java
java SSDWriteMonitor

[2025-04-05 10:30:00] 写入: 128.45 MB
[2025-04-05 10:31:00] 写入: 67.21 MB
[2025-04-05 10:32:00] 写入: 203.89 MB

# 假设 /dev/sda 是 HDD，/dev/nvme0n1p3 是 SSD 分区
sudo pvcreate /dev/sda /dev/nvme0n1p3
sudo vgcreate vg_hybrid /dev/sda /dev/nvme0n1p3
sudo lvcreate -L 500G -n lv_data vg_hybrid /dev/sda

# 创建缓存池（使用 SSD）
sudo lvcreate --type cache-pool -L 20G -n cache_pool vg_hybrid /dev/nvme0n1p3

# 将缓存池绑定到数据卷
sudo lvconvert --type cache --cachepool vg_hybrid/cache_pool vg_hybrid/lv_data

sudo smartctl -A /dev/nvme0n1 | grep "Data Units Written"

已写入 TB = (Data Units Written × 512 × 1000) / (1024^4)

sudo fstrim -v /
# 观察是否卡顿或报错

# 查看当前队列深度
cat /sys/block/nvme0n1/queue/nr_requests

# 调整（根据负载测试调整）
echo 1024 | sudo tee /sys/block/nvme0n1/queue/nr_requests