MySQL组合索引(多列索引)使用与优化案例详解

 CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db_test default charset utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci; 
use db_test;
CREATE TABLE payment (  
    id        INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,  
    staff_id  INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
    customer_id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS add_payment;  
DELIMITER //
    create PROCEDURE add_payment(in num INT)
    BEGIN
        DECLARE rowid INT DEFAULT 0;
        SET @exesql = 'INSERT INTO payment(staff_id, customer_id) values (?, ?)';
        WHILE rowid < num DO
            SET @staff_id = (1 + FLOOR(5000*RAND()) ); 
            SET @customer_id = (1 + FLOOR(500000*RAND()));
            SET rowid = rowid + 1;
            prepare stmt FROM @exesql;
            EXECUTE stmt USING @staff_id, @customer_id;            
        END WHILE;
    END //
DELIMITER ;

ALTER TABLE `payment` ADD INDEX idx_customer_id(`customer_id`);
ALTER TABLE `payment` ADD INDEX idx_staff_id(`staff_id`);

select count(*) from payment where staff_id = 2205 AND customer_id = 93112;

mysql> explain select count(*)  from payment  where staff_id =  2205  AND customer_id =  93112;
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type        | possible_keys                | key                          | key_len | ref  | rows  | Extra                                                                   |
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | payment | index_merge | idx_customer_id,idx_staff_id | idx_staff_id,idx_customer_id | 4,4     | NULL | 11711 | Using intersect(idx_staff_id,idx_customer_id); Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ALTER TABLE payment DROP INDEX idx_customer_id;
ALTER TABLE payment DROP INDEX idx_staff_id;
ALTER TABLE `payment` ADD INDEX idx_customer_id_staff_id(`customer_id`, `staff_id`);

mysql> select count(*)  from payment  where staff_id =  2205  AND customer_id =  93112;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|   178770 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)

mysql> select count(DISTINCT staff_id) / count(*) AS staff_id_selectivity, count(DISTINCT customer_id) / count(*) AS customer_id_selectivity, count(*) from payment\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
   staff_id_selectivity: 0.0005
customer_id_selectivity: 0.0500
               count(*): 10000000
1 row in set (6.29 sec)

where a=3 and b=45 and c=5 .... 这种三个索引顺序使用中间没有断点，全部发挥作用；
where a=3 and c=5... 这种情况下b就是断点，a发挥了效果，c没有效果
where b=3 and c=4... 这种情况下a就是断点，在a后面的索引都没有发挥作用，这种写法联合索引没有发挥任何效果；
where b=45 and a=3 and c=5 .... 这个跟第一个一样，全部发挥作用，abc只要用上了就行，跟写的顺序无关

(0)    select * from mytable where a=3 and b=5 and c=4;
abc三个索引都在where条件里面用到了，而且都发挥了作用
(1)    select * from mytable where  c=4 and b=6 and a=3;
这条语句列出来只想说明 mysql没有那么笨，where里面的条件顺序在查询之前会被mysql自动优化，效果跟上一句一样
(2)    select * from mytable where a=3 and c=7;
a用到索引，b没有用，所以c是没有用到索引效果的
(3)    select * from mytable where a=3 and b>7 and c=3;
a用到了，b也用到了，c没有用到，这个地方b是范围值，也算断点，只不过自身用到了索引
(4)    select * from mytable where b=3 and c=4;
因为a索引没有使用，所以这里 bc都没有用上索引效果
(5)    select * from mytable where a>4 and b=7 and c=9;
a用到了  b没有使用，c没有使用
(6)    select * from mytable where a=3 order by b;
a用到了索引，b在结果排序中也用到了索引的效果，前面说了，a下面任意一段的b是排好序的
(7)    select * from mytable where a=3 order by c;
a用到了索引，但是这个地方c没有发挥排序效果，因为中间断点了，使用 explain 可以看到 filesort
(8)    select * from mytable where b=3 order by a;
b没有用到索引，排序中a也没有发挥索引效果