从基础到进阶详解MySQL高效查询表数据量的优化指南

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;

EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;

SELECT TABLE_ROWS 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'your_database' 
AND TABLE_NAME = 'users';

SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'users';

-- 创建计数器表
CREATE TABLE table_counts (
    table_name VARCHAR(100) PRIMARY KEY,
    row_count BIGINT NOT NULL,
    last_updated TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

-- 创建触发器自动更新计数
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_users_insert
AFTER INSERT ON users
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO table_counts (table_name, row_count) 
    VALUES ('users', (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users))
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE row_count = VALUES(row_count);
END//
DELIMITER ;

-- 类似创建UPDATE和DELETE触发器

-- 替代方案：定期批量更新计数器
-- 例如在应用启动时或通过定时任务执行
UPDATE table_counts SET row_count = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users), last_updated = NOW() 
WHERE table_name = 'users';

-- 确保统计信息已收集
ANALYZE TABLE users;

-- 然后查询信息模式（比之前版本更准确）
SELECT TABLE_ROWS 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'your_database' 
AND TABLE_NAME = 'users';

-- 对于小表（<10万行），直接COUNT(*)通常足够快
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM small_table;

-- 快速获取近似值
EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table;

-- 或
SELECT TABLE_ROWS 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'db' AND TABLE_NAME = 'large_table';

-- 查询精确计数器（毫秒级响应）
SELECT row_count FROM table_counts WHERE table_name = 'huge_table';

-- 创建存储过程批量获取表状态
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE get_all_table_counts()
BEGIN
    DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
    DECLARE db_name VARCHAR(100);
    DECLARE tbl_name VARCHAR(100);
    DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR 
        SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME 
        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
        WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'your_database';
    DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;
    
    CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS temp_table_counts (
        table_schema VARCHAR(100),
        table_name VARCHAR(100),
        row_count BIGINT,
        update_time TIMESTAMP
    );
    
    OPEN cur;
    
    read_loop: LOOP
        FETCH cur INTO db_name, tbl_name;
        IF done THEN
            LEAVE read_loop;
        END IF;
        
        INSERT INTO temp_table_counts
        SELECT 
            db_name AS table_schema,
            tbl_name AS table_name,
            TABLE_ROWS AS row_count,
            NOW() AS update_time
        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
        WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = db_name AND TABLE_NAME = tbl_name;
    END LOOP;
    
    CLOSE cur;
    
    SELECT * FROM temp_table_counts;
    DROP TEMPORARY TABLE temp_table_counts;
END//
DELIMITER ;

-- 调用存储过程
CALL get_all_table_counts();

-- 测试1: COUNT(*)
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE COUNT(*) FROM large_table;

-- 测试2: EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table;

-- 测试3: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
SELECT TABLE_ROWS 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 
WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'test_db' AND TABLE_NAME = 'large_table';

-- 测试4: SHOW TABLE STATUS
SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'large_table';

-- 利用主键索引的最小值查询
SELECT 1 FROM users LIMIT 1;  -- 如果有数据返回1，否则空

-- 或者更精确的计数（如果表有自增ID且无删除）
SELECT MAX(id) FROM users;  -- 近似行数（如果有删除会不准确）

-- 假设按日期分区，只查询最近分区的计数
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users PARTITION (p202301);

-- 创建物化视图（实际是普通表定期刷新）
CREATE TABLE users_count_mv (
    count_date DATE PRIMARY KEY,
    row_count BIGINT
);

-- 定期刷新数据
INSERT INTO users_count_mv (count_date, row_count)
SELECT CURRENT_DATE, COUNT(*) FROM users
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE row_count = VALUES(row_count);

-- 低效：MySQL仍然需要计算所有匹配行
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE status = 'active';