Python高阶函数与函数式编程概念及使用实例探究

def apply_operation(x, operation):
    return operation(x)
def square(x):
    return x * x
def cube(x):
    return x * x * x
result_square = apply_operation(5, square)
result_cube = apply_operation(5, cube)
print(result_square)  # 输出: 25
print(result_cube)    # 输出: 125

add = lambda x, y: x + y
multiply = lambda x, y: x * y

print(add(3, 5))       # 输出: 8
print(multiply(2, 4))  # 输出: 8

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, numbers))
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)
print(squared)  # 输出: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
print(evens)    # 输出: [2, 4]
print(product)  # 输出: 120

def add_one(x):
    return x + 1
def square(x):
    return x * x
composed_function = lambda x: square(add_one(x))
result = composed_function(5)
print(result)  # 输出: 36

def add(x, y, z):
    return x + y + z
curried_add = lambda x: lambda y: lambda z: add(x, y, z)
result = curried_add(1)(2)(3)
print(result)  # 输出: 6

def outer_function(x):
    def inner_function(y):
        return x + y
    return inner_function

closure = outer_function(10)
result = closure(5)
print(result)  # 输出: 15

from functools import partial

# 创建一个新函数，固定第一个参数为10
add_ten = partial(lambda x, y: x + y, 10)

result = add_ten(5)
print(result)  # 输出: 15

from functools import reduce

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)

print(product)  # 输出: 120

from itertools import chain
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c']
combined = list(chain(list1, list2))
print(combined)  # 输出: [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']

from itertools import filterfalse
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
filtered = list(filterfalse(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print(filtered)  # 输出: [1, 3, 5]

from itertools import groupby
data = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('a', 3), ('b', 4)]
grouped = {key: list(group) for key, group in groupby(data, key=lambda x: x[0])}
print(grouped)
# 输出: {'a': [('a', 1), ('a', 3)], 'b': [('b', 2), ('b', 4)]}